托福阅读考试必备背景知识汇总，在阅读备考过程中，除了词汇等需要积累，背景知识的学习也是十分重要的。为了帮助大家更好地备考托福，今天小编为大家整理了相关的内容，希望对大家的托福备考会有参考作用。
托福阅读考试必备背景知识汇总
Early jazz. 早期爵士乐
The 1920's 20世纪20年代
The 1920's have been called the golden age of jazz or the jazz age. Commercial radio stations, which first appeared in the 1920's, featured live performances by the growing number of jazz musicians. New Orleans; Memphis; St. Louis; Kansas City, Missouri; Chicago; Detroit; and New York City were all important centers of jazz.
20世纪20年代被称为爵士乐的黄金时代或爵士乐时代。商业广播电台最早出现于20世纪20年代，越来越多的爵士音乐家以现场表演为特色。新奥尔良、孟菲斯、圣路易斯、密苏里州堪萨斯城、芝加哥、底特律和纽约市都是爵士乐的重要中心。
A group of Midwest youths, many from Chicago's Austin High School, developed a type of improvisation and arrangement that became known as "Chicago style" jazz. These musicians included trumpeters Jimmy McFarland and Muggy Spinier; cornets Box Beiderbecke; clarinetists Frank Tastemaker, Pee Wee Russell, Mezzo, and Benny Goodman; saxophonists Frankie Rombauer and Bud Freeman; drummers Dave Tough, George Wetting, and Gene Krupp; and guitarist Eddie Condon. They played harmonically inventive music, and the technical ability of some of the players, especially Goodman, was at a higher level than that of many earlier performers.
一群中西部的年轻人，许多来自芝加哥的奥斯汀高中，发展了一种即兴创作和安排，后来被称为“芝加哥风格”爵士乐。这些音乐家包括小号手吉米·麦克法兰和闷热的斯皮尼·斯皮尼；柯涅茨·博格·贝德贝克；单簧管演奏家弗兰克·塔斯特梅克、皮韦·拉塞尔、梅佐和本尼·古德曼；萨克斯演奏家弗兰基·隆鲍尔和巴德·弗里曼；鼓手戴夫·特劳特、乔治·斯佩特和吉他手埃迪·孔顿。他们演奏和谐的独创音乐，一些演奏者，特别是古德曼的技术能力，比许多早期的演奏者都要高。
In New York City, James P. Johnson popularized a new musical style from ragtime called stride piano. In stride piano, the left hand plays alternating single notes and chords that move up and down the scale while the right hand plays solo melodies, accompanying rhythms, and interesting choral passages. Johnson strongly influenced other jazz pianists, notably Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Art Tatum, Fats Waller, and Teddy Wilson.
在纽约市，詹姆斯·P·约翰逊(JamesP.Johnson)从拉格泰姆音乐中推广了一种新的音乐风格在跨步钢琴中，左手演奏交替的单音和弦，在音阶上下移动，而右手则演奏独奏的旋律、伴随的节奏和有趣的合唱段。约翰逊强烈地影响了其他爵士乐钢琴家，特别是巴西伯爵，艾灵顿公爵，阿特泰特姆，胖子沃勒和泰迪威尔逊。
Fletcher Henderson was the first major figure in big band jazz. In 1923, he became the first leader to organize a jazz band into sections of brass, reed, and rhythm instruments. His arranger, Don Redman, was the first to master the technique of scoring music for big bands. Various Henderson bands of the 1920's and 1930's included such great jazz instrumentalists as Louis Armstrong and saxophonists Benny Carter and Coleman Hawkins.
弗莱彻·亨德森(Fletcher Henderson)是大乐队爵士乐中的第一个主要人物。1923年，他成为第一位将爵士乐队组织成铜管、芦苇和节奏乐器的乐队的领导人。他的编导唐·雷德曼(DonRedman)是第一位掌握为大乐队配乐的技巧的人。20世纪20年代和30年代的亨德森乐队包括路易斯·阿姆斯特朗、萨克斯演奏家、本尼·卡特和科尔曼·霍金斯等伟大的爵士乐演奏家。
Armstrong made some of his most famous recordings with his own Hot Five and Hot Seven combos from 1925 to 1928. These recordings rank among the masterpieces of jazz, along with his duo recordings of the same period with pianist Earl "Fatah" Hines. Armstrong also became the first well-known male jazz singer, and popularized scat singing-that is, wordless syllables sung in an instrumental manner.
从1925年到1928年，阿姆斯特朗用自己的“热五”和“热七”组合制作了一些最著名的唱片。这些唱片是爵士乐的杰作之一，以及他与钢琴家厄尔·法塔赫·海因斯同期的二重奏唱片。阿姆斯特朗也成为了第一位著名的男爵士歌手，也就是以一种乐器的方式演唱的无言音节。
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