托福阅读备考背景知识学习，想要尽快提高托福阅读能力，大家可以多进行一些阅读背景知识的训练。为了帮助大家更好地备考托福，今天小编为大家整理了相关的内容，希望对大家的托福备考会有参考作用。
托福阅读备考背景知识学习
The first colonies attracted immigrants looking to get rich quickly and return home, but they were soon followed by migrants whose primary goal was to colonize. The Spanish founded the first permanent European settlement in St Augustine, Florida, in 1565; the French moved in on Maine in 1602, and Jamestown, Virginia, became the first British settlement in 1607. The first Africans arrived as 'indentured laborers' with the Brits a year prior to English Puritan pilgrims' escape of religious persecution. The pilgrims founded a colony at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620 and signed the famous Mayflower Compact - a declaration of self-government that would later be echoed in the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. British attempts to assert authority in its 13 North American colonies led to the French and Indian War (1757-63). The British were victorious but were left with a nasty war debt, which they tried to recoup by imposing new taxes. The rallying cry 'no taxation without representation' united the colonies, which ceremoniously dumped caffeinated cargo overboard during the Boston Tea Party. Besieged British general Cornwallis surrendered to American commander George Washington five years later at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. In the 19th century, America's mantra was 'Manifest Destiny.' A combination of land purchases, diplomacy and outright wars of conquest had by 1850 given the US roughly its present shape. In 1803, Napoleon dumped the entire Great Plains for a pittance, and Spain chipped in with Florida in 1819. The Battle of the Alamo during the 1835 Texan Revolution paved the way for Texan independence from Mexico, and the war with Mexico (1846-48) secured most of the southwest, including California.
第一批殖民地吸引了想要迅速致富并返回家园的移民，但他们很快就被那些以殖民为主要目标的移民所追随。1565年，西班牙人在佛罗里达州圣奥古斯丁建立了第一个永久的欧洲人定居点；1602年，法国人搬到缅因州；1607年，弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯敦成为英国的第一个定居点。在英国清教徒朝圣者逃离宗教迫害一年前，第一批非洲人作为“契约劳工”来到英国。1620年，朝圣者在马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯岩建立了一个殖民地，并签署了著名的“五月花契约”，这是一项自治宣言，后来在“独立宣言”和“美国宪法”中得到了回应。英国试图在其13个北美殖民地行使权力，导致了法国和印度战争(1757-63)。英国人取得了胜利，但留下了一笔严重的战争债务，他们试图通过征收新的税收来弥补这些债务。集会口号“无代表不征税”将殖民地联合起来，在波士顿茶党(BostonTeaParty)期间，殖民地隆重地将含咖啡因的货物抛下船。1781年，英国将军康沃利斯在弗吉尼亚州约克镇向美国指挥官乔治华盛顿投降。在19世纪，美国的口头禅是“进货”(Manifest Destin)。到1850年，购地、外交和彻底征服战争的结合，给了美国大致上的现状。1803年，拿破仑为了微薄的收入抛弃了整个大平原，而西班牙则在1819年加入了佛罗里达。1835年德克萨斯革命期间的阿拉莫战役为德克萨斯人脱离墨西哥独立铺平了道路，与墨西哥的战争(1846-48年)控制了包括加利福尼亚在内的西南部大部分地区。
The systematic annihilation of the buffalo hunted by the Plains Indians, encroachment on their lands, and treaties not worth the paper they were written on led to Native Americans being herded into reservations, deprived of both their livelihoods and their spiritual connection to their land. Nineteenth-century immigration drastically altered the cultural landscape as settlers of predominantly British stock were joined by Central Europeans and Chinese, many attracted by the 1849 gold rush in California. The South remained firmly committed to an agrarian life heavily reliant on African American slave labor. Tensions were on the rise when abolitionist Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860. The South seceded from the Union, and the Civil War, by far the bloodiest war in America's history, began the following year. The North prevailed in 1865, freed the slaves and introduced universal adult male suffrage. Lincoln's vision for reconstruction, however, died with his assassination. America's trouncing of the Spaniards in 1898 marked the USA's ascendancy as a superpower and woke the country out of its isolationist slumber.
有系统地消灭平原印第安人猎杀的水牛，侵占他们的土地，以及不值得他们签署的条约，导致美洲土著人被赶进保留地，剥夺了他们的生计和与他们的土地的精神联系。19世纪的移民极大地改变了文化景观，因为以英国人为主的移民加入了中欧人和中国人的行列，许多人被1849年加州淘金热所吸引。南方仍然坚定地致力于在很大程度上依赖于非洲裔美国奴隶劳工的农业生活。1860年废除死刑的亚伯拉罕·林肯当选总统时，紧张局势正在加剧。南方脱离了联邦，内战，美国历史上最血腥的战争，开始于次年。1865年，北方占了上风，解放了奴隶，实行了成年男性普选。然而，林肯重建的愿景却随着他的遇刺而死去。1898年美国对西班牙人的打击标志着美国作为超级大国的优势地位，并使这个国家摆脱了孤立主义者的沉睡。
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