托福阅读之英语和新全球精英崛起

2018-07-02 08:00:00 来源：网络 作者：朗阁海外考试

　　托福阅读能力的*重在日积月累，没有捷径可走。只有当我们读遍了所有的阅读材料以后才能做到得心应手。阅读材料的选择也非常重要，下面小编为大家推荐一篇托福阅读之英语和新全球精英崛起，请大家细看。

　　托福阅读能力的*重在日积月累，没有捷径可走。只有当我们读遍了所有的阅读材料以后才能做到得心应手。阅读材料的选择也非常重要，下面小编为大家推荐一篇托福阅读之英语和新全球精英崛起，请大家细看。

　　The world’s most popular YouTuber is probably PewDiePie. Ostensibly, his  videos offer his thoughts on video games, but they also provide a philosophy of  life in perfect vernacular youth English: “Don’t be a salad. Be the best goddamn  broccoli you could ever be.” His 59.3 million subscribers (or “Bros”, as he  calls them) have mostly stayed loyal even after Disney dropped him last year for  posting anti-Semitic videos. He said he’d only been joking.
　　全球**的Youtube网红可能就数PewDiePie了。表面上，他的视频是表达他对视频游戏的看法，但这些视频也通过*地道的年青人口头英语表达了他的生活哲学：“不要做一盘沙拉，尽力做一棵*棒的该死的西兰花!”他有5930万订阅者(他把这些订阅者称为“兄弟”)。虽然去年他因上传反犹太人视频(他说他只是在开玩笑)而遭迪斯尼(Disney)解约，但大部分订阅者仍在继续关注他。
　　PewDiePie lives in Brighton but — as the faint accent in his videos reveals  — he is a Swede called Felix Kjellberg. Born in 1989, he represents the first  global generation in which tens of millions of people from outside the  English-speaking world speak perfect English. That shift is ominous for the US  and UK. Thanks to English, these countries have dominated the global  conversation. Their entertainment, media, university and tech sectors bestraddle  the world. But now the PewDiePie generation, machine translation, Brexit and  Trump are combining to threaten their dominance.
　　PewDiePie住在英国的布莱顿(Brighton)，但是——正如他视频中不太明显的口音所暴露出的——他是瑞典人，真名叫费利克斯?谢尔贝里(Felix  Kjellberg)。他出生于1989年，属于*个“全球世代”，这个世代的许多非英语国家的人也能说一口完美英语。对美国和英国来说，这种转变是个不祥的征兆。拜英语所赐，这两个国家主导了全球的话题。他们的娱乐、媒体、大学和科技行业均傲视全球。但现如今，在PewDiePie一代、机器翻译、英国脱欧和特朗普(Trump)的共同作用下，美英两国的主导地位受到了威胁。
　　A few non-native speakers have always managed to sneak into the global  English conversation. In music, for instance, think of PewDiePie’s fellow  Nordics Abba and Bj?rk. But most ambitious foreigners were held back because  they spoke not English, but Globish: a simple, dull, idiom-free, cripplingly  accented version of English with a small vocabulary. So they rarely sounded as  fun, clever or cool in English as native speakers.
　　一直以来，都有一些非母语人士成功混入了全球英语话题中。比如，在音乐界，有PewDiePie的北欧同胞——瑞典的阿巴乐团(Abba)和冰岛女歌手比约克(Bj?rk)。但是，大多数雄心勃勃的外国人壮志难酬的原因是，他们讲的不是英语，而是“全球语”(Globish)：  一种用词简单、乏味、没有习语、口音很重且词汇量极少的英语。 所以，他们讲英语时很难像以英语为母语的人一样风趣、智慧和酷炫。
　　This had fateful consequences. “What is well articulated in English on the  internet becomes ‘truth,’” says Japanese writer Minae Mizumura in The Fall of  Language in the Age of English. Perfect English is not only heard more, but also  taken more seriously than what’s said in other languages, she argues. Note the  mystical reverence among the global elite for The Economist, or the spread of  Trump’s jibe “fake news” among autocrats worldwide. By contrast, it’s said in  the Netherlands that if Jesus returned to earth, and a Dutch newspaper reported  the news, the world would never find out.
　　这种情况产生了十分严重的后果。日本作家水村美苗(Minae Mizumura)在《英语时代的语言沦陷》(The Fall of Language in  the Age of  English)一书中说，“在互联网上，用英语阐述的观点成为了‘真理’。”她指出，较之用其它语言所做的表达，完美英语不仅听的人更多，而且更加受重视。试看全球精英阶层对《经济学人》(The  Economist)的那种神秘的崇敬，或者特朗普怒怼媒体的口头禅“假新闻”在全球独裁者中的广为流传。相反，荷兰流传着这样一种说法：如果耶稣重返人间，而一家荷兰报纸报道了这个消息，全*可能永远不会注意到。
　　But now, just as populists are trying to roll back globalisation, along  comes the first global generation shaped by the internet, the fall of the Berlin  Wall and the opening of China. This generation always knew that Globish wasn’t  enough. Emmanuel Macron, born in 1977, records a video in English called “Make  the Planet Great Again”, and it impacts the global conversation.
　　Russian social-media trolls influence elections in English. India, for the  first time ever, has a new generation of urbanites whose mother tongue is  English. They no longer use such Hinglish formulations as “Head is paining”. In  Egypt, some children at private English-language schools now struggle to speak  Arabic, reports anthropologist Noha Roushdy. These kids are being trained to be  heard abroad.
　　但现在，正当民粹主义者试图逆转全球化进程之际，经历了互联网、柏林墙(Berlin  Wall)倒塌和*对外开放的*个全球世代成长起来了。这一代人一直都明白，只会说“全球语”是不够的。1977年出生的法国总统埃马纽埃尔?马克龙(Emmanuel  Macron)用英文录制了一个名为“让地球再次伟大”(Make the Planet Great  Again)的视频，在全球引起了反响。俄罗斯喷子在社交媒体上用英语影响了别国大选。在印度，有史以来首次出现了以英语为母语的新一代都市人。他们不再说“Head  is paining”(头在痛)这样的印式英语了。人类学家诺哈?鲁什迪(Noha  Roushdy)在一篇报告中说，在埃及，一些在私立英语学校上学的*现在说阿拉伯语都很困难。这些*正在被训练成为能让外国人听懂自己说话的人。
　　And the production line of perfect English-speakers hums ever faster. More  and more universities around the world offer courses in English. The Netherlands  sets the pace in Europe, followed by the Scandinavians. These countries are now  attracting world-class foreign academics, and that’s before the anticipated  post-Brexit exodus from British universities. If Brexit and Trump hamper  English-language talent industries, continental Europe should benefit. Amsterdam  and Copenhagen are already effectively bilingual. Berlin and Paris aren’t far  behind.
　　而且，培养能讲完美英语人士的生产线正在以前所未有的速度运行。全球各地越来越多的大学*英语教学课程。荷兰是欧洲地区英语教学的领头羊，紧随其后的是北欧国家。这些国家目前正在吸引排名较好的外国学者。而且在英国脱欧后，预计英国的大学会有大量人才出走。如果英国脱欧和特朗普当政对英语人才产业构成阻碍，欧洲大陆应该会受益。阿姆斯特丹和哥本哈根已经基本了实现了双语化。柏林和巴黎也紧随其后。
　　Next, the US and UK will lose their dominance of media. Machine translation  improves by the week. In a couple of years, a top-class newspaper like Die Zeit  will produce its German edition, then press “translate” and get a very decent  English version in an instant. Hire a few English-language subeditors to touch  up the machine’s phrasings, and suddenly you’re competing with The New York  Times.
　　接下来，美国和英国将失去他们在媒体领域的支配地位。机器翻译的质量每周都在改善。用不了几年，德国的《时代周报》(Die  Zeit)等质量上乘的报纸，将只需按一下“翻译”键，就能立即将德语版转换成很像样的英文版，再雇用几个英语编辑来润色一下机器翻译的文稿，就马上能与《纽约时报》(New  York Times)竞争了。
　　This is bad news for non-English languages and literatures. Mizumura  predicts that in Germany, for instance, novelists and poets will soon start  writing in English. This would mean a return to the era before 1800, when  European writers often used a universal language. Dante, Descartes, Thomas  Hobbes and even Luther, the father of German, were fluent in Latin, notes  Mizumura.
　　对英语以外的其他语言和非英语文学作品来说，这是个坏消息。水村美苗题库，以德国为例，小说家和诗人很快就会开始用英语写作。这将意味着欧洲将回到1800年前的时代——当时欧洲作家通常使用统一的语言写作。水村美苗指出，但丁(Dante)、笛卡尔(Descartes)、托马斯?霍布斯(Thomas  Hobbes)、甚至德语之父路德(Luther)都能讲流利的拉丁语。
　　Everyone now piously preaches multilingualism, but it’s not going to  happen. About 1.5 billion people are learning English, roughly 10 times more  than are learning French, Chinese, Spanish, German, Italian and Japanese put  together, estimates the German linguist Ulrich Ammon. And the more people who  speak English, the more useful English becomes. Anyway, the PewDiePie generation  won’t let you learn their own languages. Try going to Sweden and speaking bad  Swedish. You’ll be forced into English in seconds.
　　现在，人人都惟愿自己具备多语言能力，但这种情况不会发生。德国语言学家乌尔里希?阿蒙(Ulrich  Ammon)估计，全球约有15亿人在学习英语，是学习法语、汉语、西班牙语、德语、意大利语和日语人数总和的10倍左右。而且讲英语的人越多，英语就会变得越有用。无论如何，PewDiePie这一代是不会让你再学习他们的母语了。你去瑞典讲蹩脚的瑞典语试试?  用不了几秒钟，你就会被迫改说英语。
　　From Spain to China, the aspirational classes want to upgrade from Globish  to English. That should spark a boom in expat teaching jobs for native English  speakers. A Briton teaching in Beijing told me in 2011 that most Chinese  students he encountered had never met a native speaker before. The coming  generation will have to, because Globish no longer cuts it. (Iran’s recent  threat to ban English teaching in primary schools would probably just drive it  underground.)
　　从西班牙到*，有报负的阶层都想从把自己的“全球语”*为英语。这应该会导致以英语为母语的外派教师的工作急增。2011年，一位在北京教英语的英国人告诉我，他遇到的大多数*学生以前从来没有遇见过母语为英语的人。下一代必须得学好英语了，因为“全球语”已经不够用了。  (伊朗*近威胁要禁止*教授英语，这可能只会促使英语教学转到地下)。
　　The next global ruling class will perceive the world chiefly in English.  That will be a loss. As Mizumura says, you can only see what your language  allows you to express. But when perfect English becomes standard, Brits and  Americans lose their advantage.
　　下一代全球统治阶层将主要用英语来认识*。那将是一个损失。正如水村美苗所说，你只能明白你的语言能表达清楚的东西。但是，当完美英语成为标准时，英国人和美国人将失去优势。
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