雅思阅读考试真题及翻译训练，相信备考雅思的同学都知道，雅思考试阅读题型分为学术类和培训类两种，难度不小，为了帮助大家更好地备考雅思，今天小编为大家整理了相关的内容，希望对大家的雅思备考会有参考作用哦。
雅思阅读考试真题及翻译训练
According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
社会学家认为，在美国，一个人可以通过几种不同的方式被认为是一个社会团体的领袖。在家庭中，传统文化模式赋予父母一方或双方领导地位。在其他情况下，如友谊团体，一个或多个人可能逐渐成为领导人，尽管没有正式的甄选程序。在较大的群体中，领导人通常是通过选举或征聘正式选出的。
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders. "It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
尽管领导者通常被认为是有非凡个人能力的人，但数十年的研究未能提供一致的证据，证明存在任何一类“天生的领导者”。似乎没有一套所有领导者都有共同的个人素质；相反，如果一个人具备满足特定群体需求的素质，那么几乎任何一个人都可能被视为领导者。
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
此外，尽管人们普遍认为社会团体只有一个领导者，但研究表明，通常有两种不同的领导角色由不同的个人担任。工具性领导是强调社会群体完成任务的领导。小组成员期待着重要的领导者“把事情做好”。另一方面，表现性领导是强调社会团体成员集体福利的领导。富有表现力的领导者不太关心团队的总体目标，而是向团队成员提供情感上的支持，并试图将他们之间的紧张和冲突降到最低。小组成员期望有表现力的领导者在小组内保持稳定的关系，并向个别成员提供支持。
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.
工具性领导人可能与其他群体成员有相当次要的关系。他们下达命令，并可能对阻碍实现小组目标的团体成员进行纪律处分。富有表现力的领导者与团队中的其他人培养更多的个人或主要关系。当一个人遇到困难或受到管教时，他们会给予同情，他们会很快用幽默来缓解一个严肃的时刻，并试图解决那些有可能导致群体分裂的问题。
As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
正如这两种角色的差异所表明的那样，表现力的领导者通常会从团队成员那里得到更多的个人情感；如果工具型领导者成功地促进了团队目标，他们可能会得到更远的尊重。
题目：
1. What does the passage mainly discuss? 这篇文章主要讨论什么？
(A) The problems faced by leaders
(B) How leadership differs in small and large groups
(C) How social groups determine who will lead them
(D) The role of leaders in social groups
2. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT 这篇文章提到了人们可以成为领导者的所有方式，除了
(A) recruitment
(B) formal election process
(C) specific leadership training
(D) traditional cultural patterns
3. In mentioning "natural leaders" in line 9, the author is making the point that 在第9行提到“自然领导人”时，提交人指出
(A) few people qualify as "natural leaders"
(B) there is no proof that "natural leaders" exist
(C) "natural leaders' are easily accepted by the members of a social group
(D) "natural leaders" share a similar set of characteristics
4. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2? 从第2段可以推断出以下哪一种关于领导能力的说法？
(A) A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.
(B) Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
(C)A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.
(D) Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
5. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on 这篇文章指出，工具性领导者通常关注的是
(A) ensuring harmonious relationships
(B) sharing responsibility with group members
(C) identifying new leaders
(D) achieving a goal
答案：DCBAD
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